设计模式

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#ifndef SINGLETON_H_
#define SINGLETON_H_
class Singleton final {
public:
  static Singleton& getInstance() {
    static Singleton theInstance { };
    return theInstance;
  }
  int doSomething() {
    return 42;
  }
  // ...more member functions doing more or less useful things here...
private:
  Singleton() = default;
  Singleton(const Singleton&) = delete;
  Singleton(Singleton&&) = delete;
  Singleton& operator=(const Singleton&) = delete;
  Singleton& operator=(Singleton&&) = delete;
  // ...
};
#endif

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#include "AnySingletonUser.h"
#include "Singleton.h"
#include <string> 004
// ...
void AnySingletonUser::aMemberFunction() {
    // ...
    std::string result = Singleton::getInstance().doThis();
    //...
}

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// 饿汉式单例
class Singleton_Hungry
{
private:
    Singleton_Hungry()
    {
        cout << "我是饿汉式，在程序加载时，我就已经存在了。" << endl;
    }
    static Singleton_Hungry* singleton;
public:
    static Singleton_Hungry* getInstace()
    {
        return singleton;
    }

};
//静态属性类外初始化
Singleton_Hungry* Singleton_Hungry::singleton = new Singleton_Hungry;

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class Singleton_Lazy
{
private:
    Singleton_Lazy()
    {
        cout << "我是懒汉式,在别人需要我的时候，我才现身。" << endl;
    }
    static Singleton_Lazy* singleton;
public:
    static Singleton_Lazy* getInstance()
    {

        if (NULL == singleton)
        {
            singleton = new Singleton_Lazy;
        }
        return singleton;
    }
};
Singleton_Lazy* Singleton_Lazy::singleton = NULL;

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// 假设你有两个接口相互兼容的类：圆孔（Round­Hole）和圆钉（Round­Peg）。
class RoundHole is
    constructor RoundHole(radius) { ... }

    method getRadius() is
        // 返回孔的半径。

    method fits(peg: RoundPeg) is
        return this.getRadius() >= peg.radius()

class RoundPeg is
    constructor RoundPeg(radius) { ... }

    method getRadius() is
        // 返回钉子的半径。


// 但还有一个不兼容的类：方钉（Square­Peg）。
class SquarePeg is
    constructor SquarePeg(width) { ... }

    method getWidth() is
        // 返回方钉的宽度。


// 适配器类让你能够将方钉放入圆孔中。它会对 RoundPeg 类进行扩展，以接收适
// 配器对象作为圆钉。
class SquarePegAdapter extends RoundPeg is
    // 在实际情况中，适配器中会包含一个 SquarePeg 类的实例。
    private field peg: SquarePeg

    constructor SquarePegAdapter(peg: SquarePeg) is
        this.peg = peg

    method getRadius() is
        // 适配器会假扮为一个圆钉，
        // 其半径刚好能与适配器实际封装的方钉搭配起来。
        return peg.getWidth() * Math.sqrt(2) / 2


// 客户端代码中的某个位置。
hole = new RoundHole(5)
rpeg = new RoundPeg(5)
hole.fits(rpeg) // true

small_sqpeg = new SquarePeg(5)
large_sqpeg = new SquarePeg(10)
hole.fits(small_sqpeg) // 此处无法编译（类型不一致）。

small_sqpeg_adapter = new SquarePegAdapter(small_sqpeg)
large_sqpeg_adapter = new SquarePegAdapter(large_sqpeg)
hole.fits(small_sqpeg_adapter) // true
hole.fits(large_sqpeg_adapter) // false

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#include <memory>
class Command {
public:
    virtual ~Command() = default;
    virtual void execute() = 0;
};
using CommandPtr = std::shared_ptr<Command>;

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#include <iostream>
class HelloWorldOutputCommand : public Command {
 public:
    virtual void execute() override {
        std::cout << "Hello World!" << "\n";
    }
};

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#include "Command.h"
class Server {
public:
    void acceptCommand(const CommandPtr& command) {
         command->execute();
    }
};

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class Client {
public:
void run() {
    Server theServer { };
    CommandPtr helloWorldOutputCommand = std::make_shared<HelloWorldOutputCommand>();
    theServer.acceptCommand(helloWorldOutputCommand);
    }
};

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#include "Client.h"
int main() {
    Client client { };
    client.run();
    return 0;
}

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#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <string>

class IObserver {
 public:
  virtual ~IObserver(){};
  virtual void Update(const std::string &message_from_subject) = 0;
};

class ISubject {
 public:
  virtual ~ISubject(){};
  virtual void Attach(IObserver *observer) = 0;
  virtual void Detach(IObserver *observer) = 0;
  virtual void Notify() = 0;
};

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/**
 * The Subject owns some important state and notifies observers when the state
 * changes.
 */

class Subject : public ISubject {
 public:
  virtual ~Subject() {
    std::cout << "Goodbye, I was the Subject.\n";
  }

  /**
   * The subscription management methods.
   */
  void Attach(IObserver *observer) override {
    list_observer_.push_back(observer);
  }
  void Detach(IObserver *observer) override {
    list_observer_.remove(observer);
  }
  void Notify() override {
    std::list<IObserver *>::iterator iterator = list_observer_.begin();
    HowManyObserver();
    while (iterator != list_observer_.end()) {
      (*iterator)->Update(message_);
      ++iterator;
    }
  }

  void CreateMessage(std::string message = "Empty") {
    this->message_ = message;
    Notify();
  }
  void HowManyObserver() {
    std::cout << "There are " << list_observer_.size() << " observers in the list.\n";
  }

  /**
   * Usually, the subscription logic is only a fraction of what a Subject can
   * really do. Subjects commonly hold some important business logic, that
   * triggers a notification method whenever something important is about to
   * happen (or after it).
   */
  void SomeBusinessLogic() {
    this->message_ = "change message message";
    Notify();
    std::cout << "I'm about to do some thing important\n";
  }

 private:
  std::list<IObserver *> list_observer_;
  std::string message_;
};

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class Observer : public IObserver {
 public:
  Observer(Subject &subject) : subject_(subject) {
    this->subject_.Attach(this);
    std::cout << "Hi, I'm the Observer \"" << ++Observer::static_number_ << "\".\n";
    this->number_ = Observer::static_number_;
  }
  virtual ~Observer() {
    std::cout << "Goodbye, I was the Observer \"" << this->number_ << "\".\n";
  }

  void Update(const std::string &message_from_subject) override {
    message_from_subject_ = message_from_subject;
    PrintInfo();
  }
  void RemoveMeFromTheList() {
    subject_.Detach(this);
    std::cout << "Observer \"" << number_ << "\" removed from the list.\n";
  }
  void PrintInfo() {
    std::cout << "Observer \"" << this->number_ << "\": a new message is available --> " << this->message_from_subject_ << "\n";
  }

 private:
  std::string message_from_subject_;
  Subject &subject_;
  static int static_number_;
  int number_;
};

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int Observer::static_number_ = 0;

void ClientCode() {
  Subject *subject = new Subject;
  Observer *observer1 = new Observer(*subject);
  Observer *observer2 = new Observer(*subject);
  Observer *observer3 = new Observer(*subject);
  Observer *observer4;
  Observer *observer5;

  subject->CreateMessage("Hello World! :D");
  observer3->RemoveMeFromTheList();

  subject->CreateMessage("The weather is hot today! :p");
  observer4 = new Observer(*subject);

  observer2->RemoveMeFromTheList();
  observer5 = new Observer(*subject);

  subject->CreateMessage("My new car is great! ;)");
  observer5->RemoveMeFromTheList();

  observer4->RemoveMeFromTheList();
  observer1->RemoveMeFromTheList();

  delete observer5;
  delete observer4;
  delete observer3;
  delete observer2;
  delete observer1;
  delete subject;
}

int main() {
  ClientCode();
  return 0;
}

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/**
 * The Product interface declares the operations that all concrete products must
 * implement.
 */

class Product {
 public:
  virtual ~Product() {}
  virtual std::string Operation() const = 0;
};

/**
 * Concrete Products provide various implementations of the Product interface.
 */
class ConcreteProduct1 : public Product {
 public:
  std::string Operation() const override {
    return "{Result of the ConcreteProduct1}";
  }
};
class ConcreteProduct2 : public Product {
 public:
  std::string Operation() const override {
    return "{Result of the ConcreteProduct2}";
  }
};

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/**
 * The Creator class declares the factory method that is supposed to return an
 * object of a Product class. The Creator's subclasses usually provide the
 * implementation of this method.
 */

class Creator {
  /**
   * Note that the Creator may also provide some default implementation of the
   * factory method.
   */
 public:
  virtual ~Creator(){};
  virtual Product* FactoryMethod() const = 0;
  /**
   * Also note that, despite its name, the Creator's primary responsibility is
   * not creating products. Usually, it contains some core business logic that
   * relies on Product objects, returned by the factory method. Subclasses can
   * indirectly change that business logic by overriding the factory method and
   * returning a different type of product from it.
   */

  std::string SomeOperation() const {
    // Call the factory method to create a Product object.
    Product* product = this->FactoryMethod();
    // Now, use the product.
    std::string result = "Creator: The same creator's code has just worked with " + product->Operation();
    delete product;
    return result;
  }
};

/**
 * Concrete Creators override the factory method in order to change the
 * resulting product's type.
 */
class ConcreteCreator1 : public Creator {
  /**
   * Note that the signature of the method still uses the abstract product type,
   * even though the concrete product is actually returned from the method. This
   * way the Creator can stay independent of concrete product classes.
   */
 public:
  Product* FactoryMethod() const override {
    return new ConcreteProduct1();
  }
};

class ConcreteCreator2 : public Creator {
 public:
  Product* FactoryMethod() const override {
    return new ConcreteProduct2();
  }
};

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/**
 * The client code works with an instance of a concrete creator, albeit through
 * its base interface. As long as the client keeps working with the creator via
 * the base interface, you can pass it any creator's subclass.
 */
void ClientCode(const Creator& creator) {
  // ...
  std::cout << "Client: I'm not aware of the creator's class, but it still works.\n"
            << creator.SomeOperation() << std::endl;
  // ...
}

/**
 * The Application picks a creator's type depending on the configuration or
 * environment.
 */

int main() {
  std::cout << "App: Launched with the ConcreteCreator1.\n";
  Creator* creator = new ConcreteCreator1();
  ClientCode(*creator);
  std::cout << std::endl;
  std::cout << "App: Launched with the ConcreteCreator2.\n";
  Creator* creator2 = new ConcreteCreator2();
  ClientCode(*creator2);

  delete creator;
  delete creator2;
  return 0;
}

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/**
 * Each distinct product of a product family should have a base interface. All
 * variants of the product must implement this interface.
 */
class AbstractProductA {
 public:
  virtual ~AbstractProductA(){};
  virtual std::string UsefulFunctionA() const = 0;
};

/**
 * Concrete Products are created by corresponding Concrete Factories.
 */
class ConcreteProductA1 : public AbstractProductA {
 public:
  std::string UsefulFunctionA() const override {
    return "The result of the product A1.";
  }
};

class ConcreteProductA2 : public AbstractProductA {
  std::string UsefulFunctionA() const override {
    return "The result of the product A2.";
  }
};

/**
 * Here's the the base interface of another product. All products can interact
 * with each other, but proper interaction is possible only between products of
 * the same concrete variant.
 */
class AbstractProductB {
  /**
   * Product B is able to do its own thing...
   */
 public:
  virtual ~AbstractProductB(){};
  virtual std::string UsefulFunctionB() const = 0;
  /**
   * ...but it also can collaborate with the ProductA.
   *
   * The Abstract Factory makes sure that all products it creates are of the
   * same variant and thus, compatible.
   */
  virtual std::string AnotherUsefulFunctionB(const AbstractProductA &collaborator) const = 0;
};

/**
 * Concrete Products are created by corresponding Concrete Factories.
 */
class ConcreteProductB1 : public AbstractProductB {
 public:
  std::string UsefulFunctionB() const override {
    return "The result of the product B1.";
  }
  /**
   * The variant, Product B1, is only able to work correctly with the variant,
   * Product A1. Nevertheless, it accepts any instance of AbstractProductA as an
   * argument.
   */
  std::string AnotherUsefulFunctionB(const AbstractProductA &collaborator) const override {
    const std::string result = collaborator.UsefulFunctionA();
    return "The result of the B1 collaborating with ( " + result + " )";
  }
};

class ConcreteProductB2 : public AbstractProductB {
 public:
  std::string UsefulFunctionB() const override {
    return "The result of the product B2.";
  }
  /**
   * The variant, Product B2, is only able to work correctly with the variant,
   * Product A2. Nevertheless, it accepts any instance of AbstractProductA as an
   * argument.
   */
  std::string AnotherUsefulFunctionB(const AbstractProductA &collaborator) const override {
    const std::string result = collaborator.UsefulFunctionA();
    return "The result of the B2 collaborating with ( " + result + " )";
  }
};

/**
 * The Abstract Factory interface declares a set of methods that return
 * different abstract products. These products are called a family and are
 * related by a high-level theme or concept. Products of one family are usually
 * able to collaborate among themselves. A family of products may have several
 * variants, but the products of one variant are incompatible with products of
 * another.
 */
class AbstractFactory {
 public:
  virtual AbstractProductA *CreateProductA() const = 0;
  virtual AbstractProductB *CreateProductB() const = 0;
};

/**
 * Concrete Factories produce a family of products that belong to a single
 * variant. The factory guarantees that resulting products are compatible. Note
 * that signatures of the Concrete Factory's methods return an abstract product,
 * while inside the method a concrete product is instantiated.
 */
class ConcreteFactory1 : public AbstractFactory {
 public:
  AbstractProductA *CreateProductA() const override {
    return new ConcreteProductA1();
  }
  AbstractProductB *CreateProductB() const override {
    return new ConcreteProductB1();
  }
};

/**
 * Each Concrete Factory has a corresponding product variant.
 */
class ConcreteFactory2 : public AbstractFactory {
 public:
  AbstractProductA *CreateProductA() const override {
    return new ConcreteProductA2();
  }
  AbstractProductB *CreateProductB() const override {
    return new ConcreteProductB2();
  }
};

/**
 * The client code works with factories and products only through abstract
 * types: AbstractFactory and AbstractProduct. This lets you pass any factory or
 * product subclass to the client code without breaking it.
 */

void ClientCode(const AbstractFactory &factory) {
  const AbstractProductA *product_a = factory.CreateProductA();
  const AbstractProductB *product_b = factory.CreateProductB();
  std::cout << product_b->UsefulFunctionB() << "\n";
  std::cout << product_b->AnotherUsefulFunctionB(*product_a) << "\n";
  delete product_a;
  delete product_b;
}

int main() {
  std::cout << "Client: Testing client code with the first factory type:\n";
  ConcreteFactory1 *f1 = new ConcreteFactory1();
  ClientCode(*f1);
  delete f1;
  std::cout << std::endl;
  std::cout << "Client: Testing the same client code with the second factory type:\n";
  ConcreteFactory2 *f2 = new ConcreteFactory2();
  ClientCode(*f2);
  delete f2;
  return 0;
}